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A Comparative Study of Visual Choice Reaction Time of University Soccer and Basketball Players
Mohammad Nasim Reza,
Shaybal Chanda,
Mohammad Hamidur Rahman
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
130-136
Received:
1 August 2018
Accepted:
29 August 2018
Published:
9 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajss.20180604.11
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Abstract: Reaction time is a measure of how quickly an organism can respond to a particular stimulus. In sports, the reaction time is the ability to respond quickly with proper posture and control to a stimulus such as sound or light. Choice reaction time has multiple stimuli and multiple responses and reaction must correspond to the correct stimulus. Purpose of this study is to compare visual two-choice reaction time and scientifically understand the importance of visual choice reaction time, and the strongest and weakest limb between Soccer and Basketball players of the Universities of Bangladesh. Ten (10) subjects were selected randomly from each of the 4 teams qualified for the semifinal from the “Bangladesh Inter-University Football and Basketball Competition-2018” held from 30 March 2018 to 07 April 2018. Two-Choice Audio-Visual Reaction (AVR) time Machines used to collect data. Data collected from both the hands using subjects’ preferred figure and from both the legs using the thumbs. Average of all the 5 trials given by each limb was recorded as the final reaction time of the test and first 2 digits of millisecond considered for the study. Mean, Standard Deviation, t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the study and level of significance was p>0.05. A significant difference in two-choice reaction time found between Soccer and Basketball players’ strong hand, weak hand and strong leg and no significant difference observed in the weak leg. Soccer players’ total (four limbs) reaction time was better in compared to the Basketball players and there was a significant difference between them. Soccer players’ limbs mean visual choice reaction times of strong and weak hands were 24 ms and the strong and weak legs were 29 ms and 28 ms respectively. Basketball players mean two-choice visual reaction time of weak leg was best (Mean 27 ms), strong hand was poorest (Mean 34 ms), and weak hand and strong leg were similar (Mean 32 ms) and stood in-between. A significant difference observed among the limbs’ visual two-choice reaction time of the Basketball and Soccer players and found no similarities between the sports.
Abstract: Reaction time is a measure of how quickly an organism can respond to a particular stimulus. In sports, the reaction time is the ability to respond quickly with proper posture and control to a stimulus such as sound or light. Choice reaction time has multiple stimuli and multiple responses and reaction must correspond to the correct stimulus. Purpos...
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Circuit Weight Training on Stable and Unstable Surfaces: Differences in Energy Cost, Blood Lactate and Rate of Perceived Exertion
Liliane Cunha Aranda,
Jeferson Macedo Vianna,
Elder Sousa Dutra,
Francisco Zacaron Werneck,
Jefferson da Silva Novaes,
Jorge Roberto Perrout de Lima,
Victor Manuel Machado de Ribeiro dos Reis
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
137-143
Received:
11 August 2018
Accepted:
30 August 2018
Published:
11 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajss.20180604.12
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Abstract: Unstable surfaces have been used in resistance training, but there are no studies that compared energy cost between stable and unstable surfaces in circuit weight training. This study compared energy cost, post-exercise peak blood lactate and perceived exertion rate between stable surface and unstable surface. Twenty healthy men (24.65 ± 3.48 years, 1.79 ± 0.08 m, 80.61 ± 9.14 kg and 11.86 ± 3.49% body fat) participated in the study. Test and retest of 15 maximum repetitions were performed on stable and unstable surfaces to define workload. The circuit weight training consisted of one set of 15 repetitions at 80% of 15 maximum repetitions in bench press, back squat, rowing bent prone, dead-lift, shoulder press, elbow extension and elbow flexion. Energy cost was measured by indirect calorimetry during and post-circuit weight training. Peak blood lactate and perceived exertion rate were measured post-exercise. Total energy cost was higher on unstable surface compared to stable surface (70.7 ± 10.0 vs. 66.6 ± 7.8 kcal; p = 0.01), as was perceived exertion rate (8.1 ± 0.9 vs. 7.6 ± 1.3; p = 0.02). However, peak blood lactate was higher on stable than unstable surfaces (13.6 ± 2.6 vs. 12.5 ± 1.9 mmol·L−1; p = 0.05). In conclusion, circuit weight training on unstable surfaces can be performed with less weight in comparison to stable surfaces, thereby lowering mechanical stress on joints and bones, while still providing a higher metabolic impact.
Abstract: Unstable surfaces have been used in resistance training, but there are no studies that compared energy cost between stable and unstable surfaces in circuit weight training. This study compared energy cost, post-exercise peak blood lactate and perceived exertion rate between stable surface and unstable surface. Twenty healthy men (24.65 ± 3.48 years...
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Energy Expenditure of Collegiate Golfers in a Competitive Setting
Kaela Hierholzer,
Amanda Salacinski,
Peter Chomentowski III,
Craig Broeder
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
144-156
Received:
15 August 2018
Accepted:
11 September 2018
Published:
15 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajss.20180604.13
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Abstract: Collegiate golf is physically demanding; however, little research has been done to establish the energy expenditure (EE) and metabolic demand on a golfer during competition. With advances in wearable technology, it has become easier to gain knowledge on physical activities outside the lab. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the amount of EE a collegiate golfer expends during a competitive golf tournament. METHODS: Eight NCAA-caliber golfers (4 males; 4 females) participated (Age: 19.3 ± 2.0 years; WT: 149.5 ± 13.4 pounds; Bag WT: 22.3 ± 2.0 pounds; Bag Wt./Body Wt.: 15.0 ± 1.8%; HT: 67.7 ± 3.6 inches;% Body Fat: 20.0 ± 7.3%). One VO2max and two randomly ordered 6-minute steady-state walk (6MW) tests were performed. One 6MW was completed with a weight vest simulating each golfer’s bag weight, and the other was completed without the vest. RESULTS: Phase 1, males had a lower% BF (p=0.03), higher FFW (p=0.03), VO2max (p=0.02), max heart rate (p=0.04), max RER (p=0.03), and max VE (p=0.02) compared to females. Looking at caloric expenditure during all 6MW tests, the Garmin VivoactiveHR™ overestimated calories expended compared to the metabolic cart kcals (+22.4%; p=0.01). For the 6MW without the bag, stepwise regression showed in order of importance heart rate, distance covered, and step count entered the equation (r-squared = 0.966, p=0.0021). Phase 2, females had higher scores (females: 87.5 ± 6.43 strokes; males: 76.75 ± 4.65 strokes), walked a greater distance (females: 7.43 ± 0.23 miles; males: 7.37 ± 0.18 miles), took longer to complete the golf rounds (females: 282:42 ± 37:16 minutes; males: 266:05 ± 11:10 minutes), and had a greater average HR (females: 121.99 ± 15.26 bpm; males: 111.00 ± 4.31 bpm). The Garmin VivoactiveHR™ underestimated the female golfers’ kcal expenditure by 6.22% compared to the metabolic predicted kcals; however, the males experienced an overestimation of 5.3% by the Garmin VivoactiveHR™. The stepwise regression conducted on the golf tournament data indicated that calories/hour (p=0.00) and time (p=0.00) affected Garmin VivoactiveHR™ kcal expenditure the most. CONCLUSION: The Garmin VivoactiveHR™ was unable to accurately estimate caloric expenditure during the in-lab and golf tournament testing.
Abstract: Collegiate golf is physically demanding; however, little research has been done to establish the energy expenditure (EE) and metabolic demand on a golfer during competition. With advances in wearable technology, it has become easier to gain knowledge on physical activities outside the lab. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the a...
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A Study on the Fitness and Regimen Function of Wushu
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
157-161
Received:
14 August 2018
Accepted:
15 September 2018
Published:
22 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajss.20180604.14
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Abstract: In modern society, Chinese people are paying increasingly attention on fitness and regimen. Wushu (martial arts), which has such functions, can improve practitioners’ comprehensive development and health condition. Through literature review and logical analysis, this paper analyses wushu’s domestic and international promotion condition as a health-preserving exercise. The state and the government formally included wushu in the national fitness program, and attached great importance to the development of martial arts in fitness. Nowadays, various types of wushu training schools have been seen everywhere in the country. The public has more opportunities to learn wushu. This is a good trend for the development of wushu fitness and regimen. Then start from the principles of fitness and health thoughts contained in wushu."Exercising the muscles and skins, practicing a breath" contains the basic fitness principles of martial arts. Wushu has a strong body internal and external fitness effect. The word "regimen" was first seen in the "Zhuangzi Health Preservation Master" of Taoist Zhuangzi. It has been a medical activity that promotes longevity through various ways to enhance physical fitness, prevent disease, and maintain life. Besides, this paper also expounds its fitness and regimen function. Long-term practice of martial arts can exercise the muscles, bones, ligaments and other sports systems, to strengthen the bones, make the body more flexible and coordinated, enhance physical fitness, and also improve the human blood. The Taoist thought advocated in the Chinese wushu is not only strong, but also improves the health of the body, and enhances the spirit, mentality and temperament of the human being. In the end this paper gives suggestions for its further development.
Abstract: In modern society, Chinese people are paying increasingly attention on fitness and regimen. Wushu (martial arts), which has such functions, can improve practitioners’ comprehensive development and health condition. Through literature review and logical analysis, this paper analyses wushu’s domestic and international promotion condition as a health-...
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Consumption of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Improves Lipid, Hepatic, and Hematological Profiles of Rats That Are Submitted to Long-Term Androgenic Stimulation
Vivian Alves Pereira Silva,
Gilson Teles Boaventura,
Renato Souza Abboud,
José Antônio Silva Ribas,
Mauricio Alves Chagas
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
162-168
Received:
24 September 2018
Accepted:
6 October 2018
Published:
29 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajss.20180604.15
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Abstract: Indiscriminate use of anabolic steroids is associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, thrombosis, and arterial obstruction. Furthermore, high levels of androgens increase hepatic toxicity and the risk of cancer. Contrastingly, green tea prevents and controls cardiovascular and hepatic diseases, as it can improve the lipid profile and reduce inflammation and effects of oxidative stress. This study will evaluate benefits of green tea consumption, to attenuate systemic damage caused by supraphysiological doses of testosterone, by analyzing the lipid, biochemical, and hematological profiles of 28 42-day-old male Wistar rats. Silicone pellets containing testosterone in proportion were surgically implanted and replaced in these rats every four weeks, and they received casein-based control feed and water or green tea for hydration. After 20 weeks, all the male rats were anesthetized and their blood samples collected for the analysis of their biochemical and hematological profiles. Although the high hormone concentration had a negative influence on the lipid profile of these animals, the groups that consumed green tea exhibited a reduction in serum triglycerides (62%), Low Density Lipoprotein (76%), and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (45%). Tea consumption also led to a significant reduction in total cholesterol (32% in the green tea control group and 45% in the green tea-induced group), without changing the High Density Lipoprotein fraction. Only the green tea-induced group manifested a reduction in the total concentration of serum proteins. A fall in serum albumin was observed in the green tea-induced groups (2.3 g/dL) compared to control groups (2.9 g/dL). The induced group presented elevation in hematocrit, erythrocytosis, and leukocytosis in contrast to the green tea-induced group. The green tea control group maintained erythrocytosis, but without any other potentially harmful effect. A 30% increase in lymphocyte population in the induced group was observed. There was no difference in the platelet count of these rodents. Hepatic enzymes were also shown to have increased in the induced group, indicating hepatic injury in this group due to exposure to testosterone. This effect was reversed in the tea groups. From this, its possible to reach the conclusion that consumption of green tea shields the lipid profile, proteins, liver enzymes and hematological profile, thus reducing risk factors related to the supraphysiological doses of testosterone.
Abstract: Indiscriminate use of anabolic steroids is associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, thrombosis, and arterial obstruction. Furthermore, high levels of androgens increase hepatic toxicity and the risk of cancer. Contrastingly, green tea prevents and controls cardiovascular and hepatic diseases, as it can improve the lip...
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Effect of Supra-Physiological Doses of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids on the Neuronal Density of the Central and Basolateral Amygdala in Mice
Débora Mantoan Alves,
Wagner Costa Rossi Junior,
Flávia Da Ré Guerra,
Evelise Aline Soares,
Petrus Pires Marques,
Alessandra Esteves
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
169-174
Received:
30 September 2018
Accepted:
18 October 2018
Published:
15 November 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajss.20180604.16
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Abstract: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), despite being controlled by government agencies, are illegally marketed and heavily consumed among youngsters that want a lean, muscular appearance and improved physical performance. Behavioral changes mediated by the amygdala, such as depression, aggressiveness and anxiety, are reported among users. The main scope of this work is to quantify the number of neuron cells on the nuclei of the central (CA) and basolateral (BLA) mice's amygdala submitted to a chronic supra-physiological doses of Durateston® (a combination of testosterone propionate, testosterone isocaproate and testosterone decanoate) and Deca Durabolin® (nandrolone decanoate), administered isolated and combined. For this purpose, 40 Swiss male mice were taken and divided into 4 (four) groups (n = 10): a control group (C), in which mice received saline solution; a Dura group, in which mice received Durateston®; a Deca group, in which mice received Deca Durabolin®; and a Dura-Deca group, in which mice received both drugs. Mice were treated with AAS for a period of 60 days and underwent exercises (swimming). After this time, mice were euthanized and had their brains removed. The material thus obtained was processed in a conventional histological routine. For the neuron cells quantitative analyses, the simple random sampling count method was used. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of neuron cells in all AAS treated animals comparing to the control group; concerning the amygdala basolateral nucleus, the decrease ranged from 23% to 36%, according to the AAS selected group; regarding the amygdala central nucleus, the decrease ranged from 20% to 29%, according to the AAS selected group. One can conclude that the administration of supra-physiological doses of these AAS causes decrease in the number of neuron cells on the central and basolateral nuclei of Swiss male mice's amygdala.
Abstract: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), despite being controlled by government agencies, are illegally marketed and heavily consumed among youngsters that want a lean, muscular appearance and improved physical performance. Behavioral changes mediated by the amygdala, such as depression, aggressiveness and anxiety, are reported among users. The main sco...
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Exercise Changes Oxidative Profile and Purinergic Enzymes Activity in Kidney Disease
Matheus Pelinski da Silveira,
Aline Mânica,
João Victor Garcia de Souza,
Cíntia Krilow,
Pedro Augusto Cavagni Ambrosi,
Cristiane Márcia Siepko,
Beatriz Da Silva Rosa Bonadiman,
Margarete Dulce Bagatini,
Débora Tavares Resende e Silva
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
175-181
Received:
19 October 2018
Accepted:
12 November 2018
Published:
20 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajss.20180604.17
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Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients are inactive and have reduced physical performance. The CKD lead to abnormalities in various systems including the hemostatic and oxidative systems. The platelet activation occurs with the participation of adenine nucleotides such as ATP and ADP. This nucleotides are part of a system calls purinergic signaling, that is a cell-cell communication pathway, present in several physiological mechanisms such as immune responses, pain, inflammation, cell proliferation, oxidative stress and platelet aggregation. In this work we evaluate the physical mobility, functional capacity and changes in oxidative profile and purinergic enzymes activity in patients with CKD during hemodialysis treatment before and after the protocol of resistance exercise (RE) development. Patients during hemodialysis section were recruited (n = 34). All patients underwent a RE three times a week for eight weeks. The data were analyzed in two moments: before the exercises (BE) and after the exercises (AE). Physical training significantly reduced the markers of oxidative stress after RE by increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. In addition, the activity of the enzymes of the purinergic system was significantly lower by ATP and AMP hydrolysis after RE. We showed, for the first time, that RE decreased significantly the oxidative stress markers after exercise when compared to previous exercise through increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in CDK patients. These results reinforce the main role of RE in patients with chronic disease and future uses to increase the quality of life of CKD patients.
Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients are inactive and have reduced physical performance. The CKD lead to abnormalities in various systems including the hemostatic and oxidative systems. The platelet activation occurs with the participation of adenine nucleotides such as ATP and ADP. This nucleotides are part of a system calls purinergic signaling,...
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